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**Geography**



The Javanese people live on a large but immensely populated island of Java in Indonesia. This island, which is about the size of New York, is nestled between the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. Formed of mostly of volcanic lava, the island of Java is home to 124 million residents making it not only the most densely populated island on earth and one of the most densely areas in the world. In respects to Indonesia the island of Java takes up only seven percent of the land that Indonesia claims, yet the island of Java alone holds sixty percent of the population. Of all the islands of Indonesia Java is by far the most important. From the swampy terrain of the north coast to the mountainous and rocky areas of its southern coast, the island of Java is a center for commerce and the center of the Dutch colonial government. (Kiehl 346) Although the immense fertility of the soil presents an optimal opportunity for agriculture, only one third of the land is actually cultivated leaving other areas to be roamed by such animals as tigers and rhinoceros. (Kiehl 346) The island of Java is separated into four main provinces. West Java is very mountainous and famous for its botanical gardens. Banten, which recently separated from West Java and is home to the Famous Bird Island, where many different species of birds and fish can be found. Central Java, which is called the heart of Java, is home to the most dangerous volcano, Mount Merapi, which is also called the Mountain of Fire. The final province is East Java, is the home of the most visited mountain in Java. This mountain, Mount Bromo, is a volcano inside of a volcano which keeps tourists flocking back to view the mountain at sunrise. (“Discover Java and Bali”)

**Language**

 The language of Javanese has the largest number or speakers of any language in Indonesia. According to a census compiled from 1980 to 1990 the number of people who speak Javanese increased by almost nine million in the years between 1980 and 1990. Even with that being said the same census showed that the number of Indonesians who consider Javanese as a first language decreased by two and a half percent. The majority of the people, who speak Javanese as a first language, also speak Indonesian as a second language. There are many reasons why some Javanese shift their language to Indonesian, the most important being power. Indonesian is typically used for all aspects concerning education, technical, legal, or medical matters.(Sneddon 210) Speaking Indonesian helps one attain a prestige or level of power, some places even require that a person speak Indonesian. In typical Javanese culture the language of Indonesian is essential in moving up the social scale.

The language of Javanese is an extreme example of a language that expresses a relationship between the speaker and the person to whom the speaker is addressing. The language posses’ two sets of vocabularies for people of different social statuses. The lower class, the Ngoko, is a familiar style used by people of the lower class or for people of the upper class to speak to the lower class. The other style, the Krama, is used by the upper class or by those in the lower class who wish to speak to those of the upper class.(Sneddon 104) While the Javanese language splits people based on two classes there was once a third distinction used solely for those among the royal echelon of the society. Since status was insignificant in royal audience, it was originally developed as a code by king Sindhula of Galuh to ensure that all commoners in his presence were aware of his royal status. (Errington 90) This “palace language” has not been regularly practiced since the twentieth century due to the exclusiveness of those allowed to speak it, and the limited times in which it was allowed to be spoken.



Migration Most Indonesians are stereotyped as staying in one place and rarely crossing the boundaries of their home village, but due to overcrowding of the region many Javanese were forced to migrate away from their villages in search of a better life. Some migration was done by the families alone, while others took advance of a government run Transmigration Program aimed at curbing the problem of overcrowding on the island. From 1971 to 1980 there was a 73 percent increase in outmigration. (Facts About Indonesia) Over 730,000 families were relocated from overpopulated areas of Java, Bali, and Madura. The government sent more than half of these families to Sumatra and other small portions went to such islands as Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Irian. (Facts About Indonesia) This transmigration is seen by many Javanese as essential to population control and development of the other islands comprising Indonesia. Unfortunately the lands of Sumatra are filling up quickly, along with the natural resources that the land has to offer. Due to poor soil, high costs of building roads and conflict with indigenous people the areas in which the Javanese can migrate two are dwindling.(Hastings 13) Even so the economic pressure on Java alone is enough to force native villagers out of their homelands into strange lands to escape the overcrowding of Java.

﻿ ﻿**People** ﻿ The Javanese are the dominant ethnic group of Indonesia. As a whole they tend to avoid conflict at all costs. In fact they are renowned for their polite speech, body language and graceful movements. Children who do not behave in a dignified way are said to be //durung jawa// which roughly translates to "not yet Javanese."

The nuclear family is the basic unit of Javanese society. If financially possible the family, including the parents and children, will live separate from the rest of the family. If they do not have the money they will live with the mothers/wifes parents. Divorce is very common among the Javanese and if there is a divorce the children go with their mother. Mothers are much more of a nurturing parental figure whereas the fathers are more so the bread winners. In fact after the age of four, the father begins to become more distant from his children.

Culture

The Javanese are very spiritual peoples. They recognize many different classes of supernatural beings. These include the //gendruwo,// which appear to people as familiar relatives in order to kidnap them, making them invisible. If the victim accepts food from the gendruwo, he or she will remain invisible forever. The greatest spirit is Ratu Kidul, the Queen of the South Sea. She is believed to be the mystical bride of Java's rulers. Her favorite color is green. Young men avoid wearing green while at the Indian Ocean shore so that they will not be pulled down into Ratu Kidul's underwater realm.



The Javanese also have many different rights of passage they must go through as part of their culture. On the thirty-fifth day after birth, a ceremony is held with special food and much family celebrating.

Arranged marriages still occur in villages, but most Javanese choose their own partners. The process begins with the man formally asking the woman's father or male guardian //(wali)// for her hand. On the night before the wedding, the woman's kin visit the graves of ancestors to ask for their blessing. Kin, neighbors, and friends come for a //slametan// feast. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;">The wedding ceremony itself is the conclusion of the Islamic marriage contract between the groom and the bride's father or wali. The groom, with his party, proceeds to the bride's house. There is a festive meal with music and dancing. The groom can take the bride away after five days. The trend today is for wealthy families to display their status by reviving the more elaborate traditional ceremonies. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;">Javanese hold //slametan// (ceremonies) for the deceased on the third, seventh, fortieth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth day after death. On Ramadan and certain other holidays, people put flowers on the graves of their departed loved ones.



<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 280%;">Politics <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 150%;">﻿In the late 20th century there were many different political cultures. Javanese government had traditionally been deployed through a patrimonial bureaucratic state. A state which is not only woven into their politics but their daily life. As stated previously, the Javanese are a very respectful group and their politics reflects this. The Javanese use the term // gustikawala // <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 150%;">which can be roughly translated to (lord subject). This describes man's relationship to god, with god obviously being the elder. To make a long story short, political benefits flow from the center to the obedient.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 150%;">Also previously stated was the fact that the Javanese have a distinctly mystical aspect to their belief systems. These mystical beliefs combine elements of pre-Indian, Indian, Islamic beliefs, and Animistic beliefs. Even though over 95% of the Javanese population are Muslims, they do not follow Islamic political parties. Instead they turn to more secular parties like Sukarno's Nationalist Party (PNI, PKI, and Golkar.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Indonesia's Pancasila can be compared to our Declaration of Independence and it has been the force through which many of the Javaneses political parties sprung up from.



<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> As for the modern day politics of Indonesia, they run a democratic republic. They elect a president and he is both head of state as well as head of the government. Similar to the U.S., executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested both in the government and two People's representative councils. Their judiciary branch is separate of both the executive and legislative. Their government has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics".

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 150%;">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is Indonesias current and second president, with the first and most well known being Sukarno.



President Yudhoyono **Religion and Beliefs**

** Background **

Before Indian influence, the Javanese, like many other primitive civilizations, would worship ancestors, idols, spirits, and natural phenomena. Indian interaction was primarily through trade. The first ideologies that the Javanese adopted were Hinduism and Buddhism. During the fourteenth century, Islam was introduced to the Javanese culture and it developed to be one of the mainstream ideologies of Java. Today, approximately 97.3 percent of the Javanese population is Muslim, where the remainders of the population Roman Catholics, Protestants, or Buddhists. Javanese Islam has two variants. The first is called // Agami Jawi // which incorporates aspect of Animism, Hinduism and Buddhism. The second is called //Agami Islam Santri//; it is more of a strict interpretation of Islam and it is also known as the puritanical Islam.

** Agami Jawi **

Agami Jawi is the most prevalent variation. Its English translation is “Javanese Religion.” It is made up of mostly Muslim practices. It is a monotheistic religion in which Allah and the prophet Muhammad are adored. Allah is prayed to before actions and decisions are made. Islamic concepts of afterlife are adopted in this variant as well. The Hindu elements that are implemented are the beliefs in magic, ancestral spirits, guardian angels and/or in spirits that dwell in inanimate objects.

** Agami Islam **

Agami Islam Santri follows traditional Muslim practices. Just as Agami Jawi, they believe in Allah and the prophets Jesus, Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad. Muhammad, whom considered himself to be the last prophet sent by Allah, is believed to be the founder of the Islamic faith. In addition, those who follow this faith are obligated to pray five times a day as traditional Muslims. Followers would consult their holy book, the Qur’an, for daily meditation and guidance.

** Kebatinan **

Kebatinan is a belief system that is unaffiliated with religion. Kebatinan is more or less mysticism; it incorporates an earthly connection with the universe, a metaphysical search for one’s inner self and the attainment of a peace of mind. There is no holy book or concept of afterlife; however, Kebatinan adopts many Javanese spiritual and ethical values. Kebatinan calls for meditation in order that one’s consciousness can link with on the cosmic world. With this, one can use their senses more effective and accurately. Kebatinan followers hope to one day to attain harmony and unity with the spiritual universe.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 270%;">Colonialism, Imperialism and History

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 230%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; overflow: hidden; text-indent: 0.5in;">﻿ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 32px;">This is a look at the history of the Javanese people with special attention paid to Colonialism and Imperialism. The Javanese are one of a multitude of Indonesian ethnic groups that are of Austronesian origins. For a bit of background information, the Austronesian peoples are a population originating in Oceania and Southeast Asia that share a common descent from ancient Mongoloid aboriginal peoples of Oceania. The Javanese ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan, but migrated through the Philippines and finally reached Java between 1,500 and 1,000 BCE.

(map of Oceania) <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">Trade began to intensify and further develop as early as the first century CE when Javanese sailors began to trade spices with India. Then, in the 5th century Buddhist and Hindu missionaries began to arrive. These religious holding blended with the Javanese culture until the Javanese held a very distinctive set of beliefs in which were combines Hinduism, Buddhism and Javanese faiths that resulted in an Imperial Cult. An Imperial Cult is when a dynasty of emperors is worshipped as a messiah or deity. <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 140%; line-height: 200%;">Javanese culture first began to develop in the Kedu Plain on Mount Merapi. The Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power bases here and left behind such temple complexes as the Borobudur and Prambanan.

<span style="color: #14ff2b; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (The Kedu Plain)



(Borobudur Temple)



(Prambanan Temple) <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">In the 10th century CE however, this power base was moved to the eastern valley of the Brantas River due to the volcanic eruption of Mount Merapi. This move was enacted by Mpu Sindok who reigned from 929-947 CE. During his reign the Medang Kingdom and Kadiri refined a culture that combined their native Javanese culture with Hindu and Buddhist influences. This refining led to the composition of the Kakawin Ramayana and the Sang Hyang Kamahayankin (Javanese adaptions of the Indian Ramayana epic and Buddhist treatise respectively). <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">In the late 13th century King Kertanegara of the Singhasari kingdom of Java was the reason for the major spread of Javanese culture and influence to Madura, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra. His dominance however was cut short when he was killed in-trance during a Tantric Buddhism ceremony by Jayakatwang, the King of the short-lived Kingdom of Kediri in Java. Singhasari’s influence however was still far-reaching as he had introduced much of the Indonesian islands to many aspects of the Javanese culture. <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">In the 14th century trade continued to develop between the Javanese and Indian traders along the sea route of the Silk Road. Java, being a major producer of rice, was able to trade its surplus stocks of rice yield for such commodities as black pepper, nutmeg, and cloves. Besides trading with India they also branched out to trade with the Spice Island. Spice Island, technically the Maluku Islands, are an archipelago of islands that are part of the Indonesian islands in the Maritime Southeast Asia region. Able to stock pile mass amounts of spices the Javanese people could then sell these at inflated prices to foreigners, thereby making a great profit.

(An old map of the Spice Islands) <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">During this time of broad-reaching trade and influence the Kingdom of Majapahit rose to power. Combining foreign trade and communications with wet-rice cultivation, it is often considered one of the greatest Kingdoms the Javanese have ever seen. It was both a maritime and agrarian power. Located in East Java they had control of trade in the Java Sea and agricultural production in the rice lands among the many delta regions of the Brantas River. <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">In 1403 CE. the Majapahit dynasty began its downfall with a dynastic civil war waged between two princes, Wikramawardhana and Virabhumi, fighting for the throne. This brought about the collapse of the Majapahit Empire which allowed its many dependencies and vassals to break free. This entire dissolution of one of the greatest Javanese empires was followed by the spread of Islam. The Javanese Muslim state located in the north coast, the Sultanate of Demak became the strongest power gaining lordships over the ports of Palembang and Jambi in eastern Sumatra. <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">The Sultanate of Demak also played a key role in deflecting efforts of the Portuguese to colonize and rule the Javanese peoples. The Portuguese made many successful explorations of expansion due to expertise in ship building and navigation. One of their main focuses was on the Indonesian islands due to their lucrative spice trade with the Spice Islands and India. Their other focus was to expand the Roman Catholic Church’s missionary efforts. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia with the conquest of Malacca in 1512. Soon after this the Sultanate of Demak attacked the Portuguese twice. After this they attacked and rebelled against an alliance between the Portuguese and Sunda Kingdom. During this an educated Islamic scholar named Sunan Gunungjiati settled from Demak in Banten Girang (which was at the time part of the Sunda Kingdom). Sunan settled here with the intention of spreading Islam, but upon hearing of Sunda’s alliance with the Portuguese asked the Demak sultanate to send troops to Banten to drive off the Portuguese.

(The Portuguese in Malacca) <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">After these tumultuous uprisings and rebellions Portuguese presence in the Indonesian islands was reduced only to Solor, Flores, and Timor. <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">The Sultanate of Demak was succeeded by the Kingdom of Pajang and then the Sultanate of Mataram. The Kingdom of Pajang was short-lived Muslim state (1568-1586) established by Jaka Tingkir, Lord of Boyolali (a regency in the eastern part of Central Java), and ended in civil war. The Sultanate of Mataram was the last major independent Javanese empire before the Javanese were colonized by the Dutch. It was the main political force in Central Java from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. Warfare dominated Mataram as the Sultanate faced rebellion from the recently conquered surrounding areas of Ponorogo and Kediri. Activities of the Dutch East India Company at the time were limited to trading from coastal settlements, so their reach did not yet extend into the interior of Java. Open revolt led to power struggles and wars of succession. In 1677 the King Amangkurat II, in an attempt to regain power over his kingdom though lacking an army or treasury, made substantial concessions of land to the Dutch East India Company. Civil war and the fight for rule combined with rebellion and an increase in Dutch power led to the ultimate downfall of the Sultanate of Mataram by 1755.



<span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 140%; line-height: 200%;">It may seem like the Dutch East India Company always had major strong-holdings among the Javanese, but this isn’t so. When the Dutch Parliament first granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on trade in the Java region of Indonesia in 1602 the Dutch had no land-holdings here. In 1618 Dutch East India Company captain Jan Pieterszoon Coen established a garrison of 24 men, which fortified Fort Nassau (the trade factory). In 1619 the Dutch conquered and destroyed the small port city of Jayakarta. On its ruins they built the city of Batavia and constructed a larger fortress.

(Jan Pieterszoon Coen) <span style="color: #ff0017; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 200%;">Due to bankruptcy the Dutch East India Company ceased to exist in 1799; therefore, the Dutch government took over the administration of Java. This rule was briefly interrupted by a period of British rule from 1811-1816 under Thomas Stamford Raffles. This series of foreign rules culminated in the Java War from 1825-1830. The Java War began as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro. As the years went on however Diponegoro has difficulty maintaining the numbers of his troops. The Dutch however had far greater means and replenished their numbers with troops from Sulawesi and the Netherlands. As the war ended in 1830 it was clear that the Dutch had come out on top with only 8,000 of the 200,000 casualties being from their ranks. Dutch rule was ended during World War II when the Japanese invaded and occupied the area. The Japanese organized an Indonesian Independence committee in March of 1945. That same year the Constitution was drafted and on the 17th of August, Indonesian Independence was proclaimed. The Javanese people have a strong tie to kinship and it is a large part of Javanese society. In the fact that much of their society revolves around on how one is connected to another. The kinship system has three major variables the first being geography because of the all the different dialects and words for objects and others. The second being social class since different classes have different usage of words and meanings. The last variable is time since over time things can come in and out of fashion and certain terminologies might change. The Javanese have many terms that are used to classifying one another in the social in environment. The most basic being the use of awak dhewe which means one of us and wong liya which means someone else all this does is describe the person is related to the speaker but is the most basic part of Javanese kinship. The Family unit is called a bayat although this term can also be used to include extended family or those who share a common pair of ancestors. The Javanese have a bilateral kinship system since being a part of the bayat is acknowledge on both sides and is passed equally through both males and females. There are no families or clan names passed down either of the lines. But instead a father will give his son or maybe a son-law an adult name at their marriage, which may include a part of his own or appear similar to his own. Each person has several names over the courser of their life beginning with the a childhood name, then a adult name, then a nickname, friends and neighbors will call them by their teknonym which is taken from name of the eldest son or daughter. While women will share the adult name there husband receives, so although it is bilateral there is more stress on the male since they are the breadwinner and head of the household. The Javanese can choose to marry someone either relater or unrelated both is acceptable, although if you choose to marry with in the family there are certain rules that you must follow there two prohibited relationships “a relationship termed //tumbak-tumbakan,// whereby the parents would become //bésan// twice, the son of each side taking the other's younger Sister”(S. Robsonpg510) and a “second relationship, termed //dhadhung pinuntir,// lit. 'Rope given an extra twist', which is doubly prohibited. Here the two sets of parents would again become //bésan// twice, but the daughter of each side takes the other's younger brother”(S. Robsonpg510) the endogamy allows for those family who own land to keep it with in their own family and is seen more in the elite class. The Javanese kinship plays a large role in the society of the Javanese and is very important to the Javanese people and when loses contact with their families it is said that their torch has gone out and is seen of having lost their way.
 * Kinship**

Stratification in Javanese culture is hard seen much of it is based upon class and role in society where a Dutch colonization gave the benefits to the nobility and indo Europeans thus making class somewhat raced based but this was all turned on their head when the Japanese occupied Indonesia and forbade the use of Dutch and changed the long standing notions of status putting those once at the bottom at the top and the noble class created by the Dutch at the bottom but like the Dutch system no class could rise above the Japanese who saw themselves far superior. But the Japanese occupation was very hard on the poorest class and the Indo-Europeans because many were prosecuted but due to their access of education, they could often find work in the private sector. This began the brewing of a revolution. Then during the revolutionary years in Indonesia it become somewhat easier to move as women gained status fighting along side the men, and elders lost some of their power and sway over the people to young freedom fighters. The present day Indonesia has still classes but mostly based upon who receives education and who can afford the education which grants much better opportunity compared to those of the uneducated class in Indonesia although the educated are the minority. But due to the spread of economic growth and education opportunities it is easier now to improve your status with in the society as long as you gain access to either education or venture in the new economic growth.
 * Stratification **


 * Javanese Cuisine **

Javanese Cuisine can be noted for its use of rice, fish, coconuts, and a variety of flavorful and distinctive spices. Javanese cuisine is a part of their culture and it can tell a lot about the Java’s ways and customs. Certain foods are staples in Java, and essential to their daily life; this includes coconuts, bananas, rice, and seafood. Coconuts are used for the liquid that can be found inside them, and the white section that can be scraped out and eaten. The nut inside the shell is often steamed in hot water and coconut milk is extracted and used for cooking. To gather the coconuts from the palm trees, the Javanese people must climb to the top where the coconuts are located; they do so by using a piece of cloth or rope that is tied around the tree and gradually ascend to where the coconuts are. No only are coconuts significant in Java for the food they provide, but they are used to represent age. According to A. H Kiehl in, //Notes on the Javanese//, the Java typically plant a coconut tree whenever a child is born. The coconut tree symbolizes that child’s age. The coconut tree is the only marker of a person’s age because the Javanese do not keep track of how many years they have. “If it asks how old it is, the parents point to the young tree, telling the child that it is as old as that tree” (Kiehl 352). Bananas and rice are other prominent foods in Java. Bananas are eaten raw, dried, or can be wrapped in a dough and then fried. The banana leaves are also used for packaging purposes. Rice is essential to Javanese cuisine. It is grown in irrigated fields (called sawah) through terrace farming (due to hills and uneven terrain). Rice is served with seafood or different spices and often boiled in coconut milk. The Javanese also are found to eat things like white ants, cockroaches, locusts etc (Kiehl 352-355).



Fried Banana

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3664/3396792575_6c9799e6fa.jpg

** Javanese Music ** The Javanese have their own specific style of music noted throughout the world. Music is another important aspect of defining a culture. The Javanese instruments consist of stringed instruments that can be plucked or bowed, and various percussive instruments including bells, xylophone-like instruments made from bamboo, gongs, tam-tams and hand-bells. Each of these instruments make up an ensemble known as a “gamelan”. A gamelan usually consists of ten to twelve musicians playing one of the instruments mentioned previously. The music they perform is not written down, but typically improvised. A melody is played and the other musicians harmonize around the melody. Gamelans can be found at most significant events in Java. The more important an event is, the longer the gamelan will play. At marriages the gamelan can sometimes perform for up to 3 days (although with small breaks spread throughout) (Kiehl 356). media type="youtube" key="6ZAumC4JP3o" height="349" width="425"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZAumC4JP3o

** Javanese Art ** Java is known for two art types in particular. The first is Batik art. Batik is an art style that designs cloth and intricate patterns. Both the North Coast and Central Java create batiks using the same approach of repeating a pattern, or alternating patterns to create the desired design (Kitley 3). The Javanese create designs on cloth using wax and different color dyes and a canting. The canting is an essential tool to batik-making; it is a small copper tool used to apply the wax to certain sections on the fabric. Trish Hodge describes the intricacies of the batik-making process when she says, “ The essence of the batik process is to produce a design on textiles through the use of a dye-resist. The resist, usually wax (but other materials such as rice paste are also employed), prevents the dye from penetrating the covered areas of the fabric, thus creating a pattern in negative. Additional wax is added to embellish the design or preserve areas in the color of the initial dye bath. The cloth is then dipped in a second dye bath. This process is repeated a number of times depending on the number of dyes involved” (Hodge 1). This process requires patience and great artistic skill. The fabric can be used for sarongs, clothing, or decoration. Another noted Javanese art form is the Wayang. Wayang is theatrical performances created by the Javanese and the people of Indonesia. There are many different types of Wayang but the most well known is Wayang kulit which involves shadow puppets. Puppets are made from leather and are supported and controlled by chiseled buffalo horn rods and poles. The stories of the Wayang serve to introduce spiritual aspects of Islam; gossip and politics are also found in the story lines (Wayang). Other types of Wayang are Wayang golek involving wooden rod puppets, Wayang karucil a mix between the kulit and golek form- using thin slices of wood to fashion the puppets, and Wayang wong: using humans as puppets or “actors”. Wayang is a entertaining and prominent art form in Javanese culture.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_jiLsBLaOvzE/TCuY3r7zEmI/AAAAAAAAH1Y/FfK11qH25Ls/s400/Classic%2Band%2BBeautiful%2BIndonesian%2BBatik.jpg <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 200%; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Work Cited

<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. "Discover the island of Java and Bali." Discover Java and Bali. N.p., 2009. Web. 25 Apr 2011. <http://www.discover-java-and-bali.com/>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. Notes on the Javanese <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A. H. Kiehl The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 6, (1877), pp. 346-364 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Published by: [|Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 7.5pt;">Article Stable URL: []

3. Speech in the Royal Presence: Javanese Palace Language <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Joseph Errington Indonesia Vol. 34, (Oct., 1982), pp. 89-101 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Published by: [|Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University] Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3350951

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 43.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 4. Sneddon, James. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd, 2003. 210-214. Print. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5. "Migration." Facts About Indonesia. World Facts.US, 2008. Web. 26 Apr 2011. <http://worldfacts.us/Indonesia.htm>. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Hastings, Peter. "INDONESIA'S LAST FRONTIER IS RUNNING OUT OF LAND." Sydney Morning Herald 2/09/1988, Late: 13. Print.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Java and the Javanese." // SUMARAH: A Study of the Art of Living //. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><http://sumarah.tripod.com/sh3.htm>.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Java: Land and People — Infoplease.com." // Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free Online Reference, Research & Homework Help. — Infoplease.com //. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;"><http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859005.html>.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Java: History — Infoplease.com." // Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free Online // //<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Reference, Research & Homework Help. — Infoplease.com //<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 32px;">. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859007.html>.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Javanese History." // Java Indonesia - Javanese History //. Eyelid Productions. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;"><http://java.eyelid.co.uk/>.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Pre-colonialism in Indonesia." // | Misterdeejay.net //. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;"><http://misterdeejay.net/indonesia/colonialism/before/>.

<span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Indonesia: Second Greatest Crime of Century: 350 Years of Colonialism." // Workers World //. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #ff0065; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">[].

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Javanese Religion." //RE-XS for Higher Education//. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">[].

"Sumarah in the Kebatinan Context." //SUMARAH: A Study of the Art of Living//. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. [].

//A Great Moment in a Peaceful Environment//. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. [].

http://asianstudies.wikispaces.com/Majapahit-Religion

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Changes in Indonesia's Social Stratification W. F. Wertheim Pacific Affairs Vol. 28, No. 1 (Mar., 1955), pp. 41-52 Published by: [|Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia] Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2753710

S. Robson The terminology of Javanese kinship In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 143 (1987), no: 4, Leiden, 507-518 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl

Women and Politeness: The Javanese Example Nancy J. Smith-Hefner Language in Society Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1988), pp. 535-554 Published by: [|Cambridge University Press] Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41679 D. R. White. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press. 1992.. ‘‘Kinship, property of ‘ transmissions, and stratification in Javanese villages,’’ in Kinship, networks, and exchange. Edited by T. Schweize

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; display: block; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.01em; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 0px;">**Notes on the Javanese** <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A. H. Kiehl //The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland// Vol. 6, (1877), pp. 346-364 <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Published by: __ [|Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland] __ <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841090

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; display: block; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.01em; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 0px;">**Ornamentation and Originality: Involution in Javanese Batik** <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Philip Kitley //Indonesia// Vol. 53, (Apr., 1992), pp. 1-19 <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Published by: __ [|Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University] __ <span style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3351111 Hodge, Trish. "About Indonesian Batik." //Batik Tambal//. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.batiktambal.com/indonesiaabout.html>.

"Wayang." //Wikipedia//. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang>.

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